The words and phrases listed below form one large semantic field related to academic research and writing.

Many of the words listed are not exclusive to the semantic field of research and writing, so the machines consulted may assume the wrong context and provide inappropriate translations. Some words may not be translated at all.

Despite gaps and errors, the present list and translations may help readers to:

• Find suitable keywords, when looking on the internet for services related to research and writing

• Find suitable words or phrases for an offer or request on the Research Cooperative website.

Within each word group below, the words are arranged (approximately) as follows: personal noun - impersonal noun - verb - adverb - adjective.

Group 1 - Academic research

(S1). the academic, academician, academy, academic research.
(S2). scholar, scholarship, scholarly, scholastic.
(S3). scientist, science, scientific.
(S4). student, the study, to study, studying, studied, studious.
(S5). researcher, the research, to research, researched, researching.
(S6). investigator, investigation, investigate, investigated.
(S7). teacher, teaching, taught.
(S8). learner, she learned, learning, a learned remark.
(S9). experience, to experience, he experienced (e.g. an experienced man).


Group 2 - Editing

(S1). editor, the edit, to edit, editing, edited, editorial, editors, edition.
(S2). redact, redaction, redactory, redacted.
(S3). rephrase (e.g. he rephrased the statement), rephrasable.
(S4). reviewer, the revision, the review, to review, reviewing, revise, revised.
(S5). reword, rework, reformulate.
(S6). rewriter, the rewrite, to rewrite, rewritten, rewritable.
(S7). checker, the check, to check, she checks, checking, checked.
(S8). commentator, the comment, to comment, commented, commentary
(S9). copy-editor, to copy-edit.
(S10). copy-reader, to copy-read.
(S11). corrector, the correction, to correct, the correct word, corrected, uncorrectable.
(S12). brush up, brush-up (e.g. she brushed up my article).
(S13). polisher, to polish up, the polish-up, polished writing.
(S14). proofreader, proof-reader, the printer's proof, proof-read, proofread.
(S15). criticise, critic, critique, constructive criticism.

Group 3 - Translating and interpreting

(S1). translator, translators, the translation, the translation of this word, translate, translating, she translated for me, the translated word, untranslatable.
(S2). interpreter, interpreters, interpretation, interpret, he interpreted for me, the interpreted word, uninterpretable.

Group 4 - Illustration

(S1). illustrator, illustrators, the best illustration, illustrations, illustrate, illustrating, illustrated.
(S2). the figure, figures, figured example.
(S3). the picture, to picture, the pictured scene, depict, depiction, depicted.
(S4). to draft, to draw, drawing, drawn
(S5). photographer, photo, plate, negative, diapositive, the still photograph, the photograph, to photograph, photographing, photographed.
(S6). the image, to image the results, images.
(S7). graphic design, graphic designer, graphics, the graphic, a graphic image.

Group 5 - Writing and publishing

(S1). authors, the best authority, authorities, the author, to author a text, authorise, authorize.
(S2). writer, writers, writer's block, writing, write, she wrote, written, unwritable, unwritten.
(S3). contents, title, heading, abstract, summary, introduction, methods, discussion, conclusion, appendix, acknowledgment, acknowledgements, references, bibliography, cited works.
(S4). the index, to index, indexed.
(S5). pages, pagination, page number, paginate, paginated, unpaginated.
(S6). working paper, manuscript, script, first draft, final draft, printer's proof.
(S7). the publication, the published book, publisher, publishers, publish, publishing, a published author.
(S8). public relations, PR, the public.
(S9). audience, audiences, a captive audience, a target audience.
(S10). publication type, article, paper, chapter, book chapter, journal, magazine, book, monograph, conference proceedings, edited volume, festchrift, newsletter, series, leaflet, flier.
(S11). reader, readers, to read, reading, she read that, readable, unreadable, reading room.
(S12). printer, to print, the print, printing, printed, printable, unprintable.
(S13). copyright holder, the copyright, to copywrite, copywrited.
(S14). intellectual property holder, intellectual property, intellectual property rights.

This is article is a work in progress.

Machine translations of this word list were obtained in 2001, without editing or correction, for:

• German by T-mail.com,
• French by Google.com
• Spanish by Google.com

The translations have been noted elsewhere.

For more on the problem of translating terms, see our discussion of editors and editing in Japan.